1. ...The principle of "an eye for an eye" used to apply?

No synopsis available.

2. ...Raw materials really make countries richer?

No synopsis available.

3. ...Witch hunts began as early as the Middle Ages?

No synopsis available.

4. ...Only silk was transported on the Silk Road?

No synopsis available.

5. ...The Past Was Less Violent?

Destruction, terror, war: It seems that there has never been more violence than in the world today. But what can we learn from history? Was there really less violence in the past?

6. ...There was less paperwork in the past?

No synopsis available.

7. ...Slavery was abolished for moral reasons?

No synopsis available.

8. ...Global trade does make us richer?

No synopsis available.

9. ...The dog has always been man's best friend?

No synopsis available.

11. ...Columbus was the first to cross an ocean?

To this day, Columbus is considered the first person to have crossed an ocean. But archaeology, genetics, and indigenous knowledge systems tell a different story: Polynesians, Vikings, and even early humans reached distant continents long before him. Why do we remember Columbus—and not them?

12. ...dirndls and lederhosen are quintessentially Bavarian?

Traditions seem ancient—but many are invented, politically dictated, or shaped by modern tourism. This documentary traces the origins of traditions from Bavaria through France to Georgia, showing how customs create identity, secure power, or foster community. And it asks: If traditions are invented, why don't we simply create new ones ourselves?

13. ...all African countries were European colonies?

Africa is often considered a continent entirely colonized by Europeans – although large parts of it remained independent until the 19th century. So what was it really like? This documentary tells the story of Leopold II's reign of terror in the Congo, of African-American colonizers in Liberia, and of the Ethiopian victory at Adwa. It shows just how multifaceted Africa's history truly was.

14. ...there is no progress without war?

GPS, space travel, industrial fertilizer production: they all arose under military pressure. Wars accelerate decisions, pool resources, and drive innovation. But they also destroy knowledge, societies, and lives. Is it possible, then, to achieve progress without extreme violence?

15. ...the modern age began with the printing press?

The myth sounds seductive: Johannes Gutenberg invents printing – and suddenly the Reformation, the scientific revolution, and the Enlightenment begin. A single machine is said to have triggered an entire era. But historical reality is far more complex. From Chinese prototypes to conservative early printing presses, to Luther and global knowledge networks, it was the interplay of many forces that gave the printed word its historical power.

16. ...tourism was invented thanks to the railway?

Did tourism originate with the railway? Pilgrimages were important precursors – but it was romantic notions of nature and the expansion of infrastructure that created the necessary conditions. Politics and media staging ultimately shaped mass travel as we know it: tourism arises when longing finds structure.

17. ...The Gap Between Rich and Poor Has Never Been Bigger?

Are the rich today richer than ever? This episode shows how the gap between rich and poor has developed over the millennia: From the first states, through the slave trade and industrialisation, to globalised trade and neo-liberal politics. How did the rich get richer? And can the trend be reversed?

18. ...we have always been addicted to sugar?

No synopsis available.

19. ...the super-rich have made the world a better place?

No synopsis available.

20. ...we have always enjoyed gaming?

No synopsis available.

21. Have secret messages changed history?

From Caesar’s cipher to the Enigma machine, from Renaissance intrigue to today’s online payments, the art of encoding and decoding information has evolved for centuries. Wars, conspiracies, and revolutions - the hidden science of cryptology has shaped history far more than most people realize.

22. Do true geniuses exist?

Michelangelo, Newton, Einstein - some individuals have achieved extraordinary things. But are “true geniuses” real, or have we invented them because we want to believe in someone exceptional? Experts from four countries explore how the idea of genius emerged and what lies behind the enduring “cult of genius.”